Investment Banking 101 for CA Aspirants

What is Investment Banking?

In simple terms, the primary function of an investment bank is to serve as a mediator between a) parties who have money and are looking to invest their money to earn a return and b) firms who need capital from investors. So, basically, bringing together two sides so that the first one gets a good return on investment and the second one gets the money. 

To understand the main function of an investment bank in a better way, let's compare it with a real estate agency. These agencies are the middlemen between individuals who want to sell a property and those who want to invest money in a new property. All real estate agents have to do is find and interview prospective clients, discuss conditions of sale, make contracts and seal the deal. This is conceptually what investment banks do, but generally in larger sums of money (i.e. hundreds of millions to billions of dollars).

What do investment bankers do?

In theory, investment banking sounds simple; just looking for potential companies who want to invest their money and firms or individuals who want investment. But, is this really it? This is only the first page in the book of investment banking. In reality, there is much more to this branch of banking. To help you understand what makes investment banking one of the most well-paid yet challenging career choices, let us look at a few of their job responsibilities.

A. Raising capital by selling bonds and public offerings

One of the biggest obstacles for any company is to raise money by issuing bonds to individuals or companies with lots of capital. This is where investment bankers come in. As these bankers have a vast database of potential investors, they are in the best position to recommend a suitable investor to a company who needs capital.

The same process is followed when it comes to raising money by Initial Public Offering (IPO). Here, investment bankers are responsible for creating a prospectus to explain the company and the terms of the stock offering. This includes handling all necessary legal and compliance issues and deciding the initial stock price at a level that will attract ample investment to satisfy a company's needs.

Here, determining the IPO price is a challenging task, as an investment banker has to make sure the price is optimal enough to serve the company's requirements but not too high to push the investors away. So, in both cases, it is the responsibility of the investment banker to crack the right price of a bond or IPO and find potential investors to buy it.

One example of a company who is looking to raise capital through is IPO is IndiaMart. According to the Economic Times, this company is planning to raise Rs 3,250 crore via IPO.

B. Assisting in Mergers and Acquisitions

Day in and day out we read headlines such as "Vodafone India merges with Idea Cellular", "Tata Steel takeover Bhushan Steel after the highest bid of $4.9 billion", "Bank of Baroda, Vijaya Bank and Dena Bank merge together to become the third-largest bank in India", and “Oyo in talks to acquire China’s Qianyu”.

Companies who are looking to expand or get a competitive advantage in the industry reach out to investment bankers to get advice on potential buyers. Here, the main role of an investment banker is to establish an optimum value for the companies involved in the transaction. By assessing the current worth of a company and forecasting its value in the future, investment banking professionals facilitate a smooth merger or acquisition between two or more companies.

C. Creating valuation and financial modelling

Creating valuation and financial models are one of the core functions of investment bankers. This is the process of creating a record of a company's expenses and earnings to calculate the impact of a future event or decision. Basically, using historical data to anticipate how a company will perform in the future. Based on the models created by investment bankers, company executives estimate costs, profits and loss, assess the current value in the industry, evaluate the economy and more. One of the companies which is in serious need of a new financial model is Netflix according to MarketWatch.

Common types of financial models are:

  • Three Statement Model
  • Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Model
  • Merger Model (M&A)
  • Initial Public Offering (IPO) Model
  • Leveraged Buyout (LBO) Model

Valuing a company, on the other hand, uses three methods including:

  • DCF Analysis
  • Comparable Company Analysis
  •  Precedent Transactions

Raising capital, assisting in mergers and acquisitions and creating financial models are the three essential functions of investment bankers. Now that you are familiar with what is investment banking and what an investment banker does, let's take the next step. Let's look at what it takes to become a successful investment banker.

What does it take to be a successful investment banker?

As mentioned earlier, an investment banker has too many things on his plate;  ranging from conducting industry research to tracking financial trends and creating models. To ensure all of these tasks are executed smoothly, an individual needs a unique skill set. The following pointers emphasise the skills every aspiring investment banker needs to have.

1. Analytical skills

Whenever an investment banker needs to create a financial model or even a prospectus to issue bonds, he needs to know how to create a detailed analysis for clients. This means individuals need to know how to think logically, be good with numbers and communicate their analysis in the most effective way to the audience.

2. Research

In-depth research is a must when it comes to working in an investment bank. Here, individuals need to spend hours together analysing market trends and reports to get relevant data which can help businesses to make data-driven decisions.

3. Ability to create investment presentations

One of the core responsibilities of an investment banking professional is to raise funds. To do this, he needs to know how to create a pitch book presentation which explains how the bank will help the client and why should the client choose that specific bank as their investment partner. This includes describing the current market environment, presenting a comparable company analysis, the transaction strategy and more.

4. Communication skills

As you might know by now, the main job of an investment banker is to convince the other party to buy bonds/ stocks or merge with a third-party company. In order to do this, a banker needs to know how to persuade others to understand his point of view and get them to agree with it.

5. Discipline

You might have read or heard at some point that investment banking tops the list of "highest paying jobs in 2019". Even though these professionals are paid well, very little is told about their long working hours, busy schedules and hard work that goes into working in this industry. Right from an entry-level analyst to a manager, almost everyone needs to work under tight deadlines. So, an aspiring banker needs to be disciplined and prepared to perform under intense scrutiny and demands.

Along with these traits, one needs to know how to deal with demanding clients in extreme situations, have a positive attitude that exudes authority but also an “I understand your needs” mindset. A unique blend of technical expertise and this skill set can help individuals work for the best investment banks out there.

Why CAs should consider getting into investment banking?

Chartered Accountants are masters when it comes to taxation, auditing, and forensic accounting. With a combination of CA skills and IB expertise, these individuals will know almost everything under the sun when it comes to the finance industry. This blend of skills will also help explore more career avenues in Private Equity, Treasury, Valuations, etc. and eventually climb the success ladder. 

We hope this helps you get a brief understanding of investment banking, the required skills and why you should explore this career path. If you have any questions or feedback, feel free to get in touch with us. 

24-Apr-2019




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